PATHOLOGY THINGS

INTRODUCTION Bacteria is a group of microorganisms that are classified as fungi. They are small and can  only be seen clearly using the highest magnification of a light microscope and objective lens with oil immersion. Bacteria can be divided by shape into 3 main types which are coccus, bacillus and spiral. However, most plant pathogenic bacteria are rod shaped except Steptomyces (filamentous).              They reproduce by binary fission that occurs every hour, after 24 hours, 1 bacterium cell could reproduce approximately 16,800,000 new bacteria cells. Their growth in a group of bacteria cells that comes from a single cell is term as colony. 1) MORPHOLOGY (a) Shapes of bacteria.      (b) Shapes of bacteria colonies produced on NA using dilution streak plate technique. (c) The color of Gram negative bacteria (red) and Gram positive bacteria (purple) Gram negative bacteria (red)...

Preparing slide from fungal culture (Basidiomycota) INTRODUCTION The Phylum Basidiomycota is the most developed group of fungi. They can causes millions of losses to crop anually but also can contribute to the food industry as many species of mushrooms are edible. A. PLANT DISEASE SPECIMENS (i) Coffee leaf rust Observation: Yellowish spores of Hemilea vastatrix  on the underside of coffee leaves. (ii)  Maize/corn rust Observation: Rusted coloured pustules caused by Puccinia polysora  on maize leaves.  DISEASE SYMPTOMS  (i) Rust Groundnut rust caused Puccinia arachidis . Long bean rust caused by Uromyces vignae . (ii) Smut Corn smut caused by Ustilago maydis. Symptom of hypertrophy of seeds on the cob. Sugar cane smut caused by Ustilago scitaminae Abnormal shoots, whip like with black spores. (iii) Blister blight of tea Caused by ...

A. Observe the following slide preparation 1.General shape nematode 2. Spherical-shaped adult nematode. 3. Kidney-shaped adult nematode. 4. Difference between parasitic & non-parasitic nematode     -Parasitic Meloidogyne incognita     -Non-parasitic Heterorhabditis 5. Type of stylet a) Stomatostylet b) Odontostylet 6. Type of esophagus a) Dorylaimid b) Tylenchid 7) Difference between male and female nematode 8. Type of nematode tail a) Sphere-shaped b) Semi-sphere shaped c) Cone Shaped B. Observe the following slide preparation 1. Adult female  Meloidogyne  sp with eggs in the root. 2. Stage 3  Meloidogyne  larvae in the root  3. Adult female Meloidogyne 4. Adult male Meloidogyne  5. Adult female Rotylenchulus with eggs outside of the root. 6. Stage 2 Rotylenchulus larvae (No 2 is th...